LI Chun-an, JI Li
(Sanmenxia Project Bureau,YRCC,Sanmenxia)
Abstract: In this paper,40 years' operation of Sanmenxia Project has been reviewed.Enormous benefits of Sanmenxia Project are analyzed,twice rebuilding of the project is related briefly,the expreriences obtained from the project's operation are summed up primarily,the developing goal and newer operating mode are looked ahead after Xiaolangdi Project put into operation.
Key words: Yellow River; Sanmenxia Project; summary; prospects
WANG Yong quan
(Institute of hydraulic Research, YRCC)
Abstract: To construct Sanmenxia Reservoir is the first step for harnessing Yellow River. During the operation of storing water and retaining sediment, serious deposition in the reservoir leads to backwater level rising rapidly. Therefore it also brings out new river-trained theory of design sediment load and integrated regulation of water-sediment. The rebuilding and successful operation should be praised greatly. The major flood’s occurrence should be vigilant, the middle reach of Yellow River need be further harnessed.
Key words: backwater deposition；design sediment load；integrated regulation of water-sediment；warning of water regime
JIAO En ze1,HOU
Su zhen1,LIN Xiu zhi1,LI Hong liang2
(1.Institute of hydraulic research, YRCC; 2.Hydrological Bureau, YRCC)
Abstract: Tongguan elevation was raised gradually during the historic period, but the raising speed was accelerated after construction of the Sanmenxia reservoir, and stabilizing at 326.64m after its reconstruction. Since 1986, there are several factors which influence the river bed elevation: lower rainfall, decrease of incoming flow at Tongguan, since Longyangxia reservoir and Liujiaxia reservoir storage of water, serious deposition increasing in upstream and downstream reaches at Tongguan due to water and soil conservation project and development of diverting works. To control the bed elevation at Tongguan , comprehensive measures should be taken to solve deposition of sediment.
Key words: Sanmenxia reservoir；Tongguan elevation；variation of runoff and sediment；harness measure
ZHANG Ren
(Tsinghua University)
Abstract: The main cause of the raising of water level at Tongguan Station is the rapid reduction of the incoming runoff to the Sanmenxia Reservoir.Due to the difficulty to increase the inflow in recent years,the measures for solving the problems should be concentrated to lowering the water level in front of the dam of Sanmenxia Reservoir.Opening the last two diversion outlets,keeping longer time interval of free flow in reservoir in flood season,reducing impounding water in dry season and canceling off the duty to retain flood during the occurrence of a 100-year flood in the Yellow River are the possible measures we can take in recent years.As the amount of dredging sediment is quite small in comparison with the natural sediment load in river,the dredging at local reaches in the reservoir is hard to be affective.
Key words: raising of water level at Tongguan Station;lowering water level in front of dam
MIAO Feng-ju1，DING Liu-yi1， QIAN Yi-ying2
(1.Chief Engineer's Office, YRCC; 2. Institute of Hydraulic Research , YRCC)
Abstract: Based on the characteristics of water-sediment and erosion-deposition in Sanmenxia Reservoir, the operating principle and mode of " discharging sediment by flood and generating by normal flow" are worked out, the relationships between discharging sediment and generation are handle reasonably, which can not only complete the task of discharging sediment in flood season and improve the location of erosion-deposition in reservoir region, but also reduce sediment concentration through hydraulic turbine when generating in flood season, improve the operating condition of turbo-generator set, increase generating duration and raise generating benefits.
Key words: Sanmenxia Reservoir; sediment disposal; power generation; mode of operation; generating benefit
WANG Shi-qiang, ZHONG
De-yu, LIU Jin-mei
(Tsinghua University, Beijing)
Abstract: On the premise that the bed level at Tongguan Station is not affected, the channel volume of reservoir is kept in equilibrium between deposition and erosion, and the deposition in the Lower Yellow River is not increased, the comprehensive usage should be given into full play in united operation of Sanmenxia and Xiaolangdi Reservoir. If the water level of the Sanmenxia Reservoir in April is raised from 315m to 319m every year, the total hydropower for two projects will be increased. Meanwhile, the bed level at Tongguan Station is not raised even if it is lower before.
Key words: operation of Sanmenxia Reservoir; bed level at Tongguan Station; increasing hydropower
Abstract: Joint operation of Xiaolangdi with Sanmenxia,Luhun and Guxian Reservoir,together with other works for flood prevention,will be instrumental to raising effectively the present standard of defending flood on the lower Yellow River, alleviating burden of Sanmenxia Reservoir in flood and ice run control and reducing deposition in the reservoir .When flood occurring mainly in the upstream of Sanmenxia,Xiaolangdi and Sanmenxia Reservoir will put into joint operation. There are three flood control methods for Sanmenxia Reservoir. These are respectively : (1) All outlets are opened free during flood peaks; (2) The reservoir is not adequate control until maximal storage level reaches; (3) The reservoir is not adequate control until certain storage level of Xiaolangdi Reservoir occurs .The research results show that the third flood control method is the best.
Key words: flood control; scheme; Sanmenxia Reservoir; Xiaolangdi Reservor
QU Shao-jun1， DING Liu-yi2， MIAO Feng-ju2, LIANG Guo-ting1,
QIAN Yi-ying1
(1. Institute of Hydraulic Research, YRCC；2.Chief Engineer's Office, YRCC)
Abstract: The operation mode of Sanmenxia Reservoir will be adjusted after Xiaolangdi Reservoir putting into operation. Some schemes are calculated by established one-dimensional sediment mathematical model. A recommended scheme is given according to the computational results and field data. The core of the recommended operation mode is “sediment sluicing in flood periods and power generating in median flow periods.”
Key words: operation mode; sediment transport discharge; elevation of Tongguan; water level at Beicun
Abstract: The quantitative study and qualitative analysis have been offered for the relative problems between Tongguan elevation in flood season and various effective factors via the calculation of analytical method of integration physical factor, step by step linear and nonlinear regression model. It is shown that the effect of runoff in flood season is the most significant with many effective factors. Tongguan elevation is not relative to the average reservoir water level in flood season; Tongguan elevation at the beginning of flood season is influenced on that at the end of flood season greatly.
Key words: step by step linear regression；factor；runoff in flood season；significance；Tongguan elevation
Abstract: Based the theoretical foundations of fluvial process, the mechanism of backwater deposits extended upstream of Sanmenxia Reservoir in Weihe River has been analyzed. Sedimentation in forward period decreased the Tongguan reach flow velocity with the same discharge, decreased the main channel width and the flood conveying capacity in lower Weihe River. So that the power for keep the fluvial equilibrium has been decreased. It is the fundamental reason that created the backwater deposits extended upstream and serious sedimentation in channel occurred.
The bed load of branch stream into the Weihe River increased the backwater deposits extended upstream.
Key words: backwater deposits extended upstream; local base level
QIAN Yi-ying,
CHENG Xiu-wen, QU Shao-jun, LIANG Guo-ting
(Institute of Hydraulic Research, YRCC)
Abstract: In accordance with the situation that the bed elevation at Tongguan occupies steadily a higher position in recent years and river channel of downstream is shriveling,from systematic analysis on the measured data, it can be seen that the effect of bed elevation raising at Tonggguan on the loss of reservoir capacity is not important. To operate the reservoir scientifically and improve the scouring and silting distribution in it, the comprehensive utilization of the reservoir can be realized.
As the Sanmenxia Reservoir was operated as“storing clear water and releasing muddy”,the erosion and deposition in lower reaches of the Yellow River experienced two stages of increasing and reducing of sedimentation. In recent years the operation mode of “sediment sluicing in flood periods and power generation in median flow periods" at Sanmenxia Reservoir is adopted, its effects on reducing of sedimentation in the lower reaches of Yellow River is analyzed.
Key words: Sanmenxia Reservoir; reservoir operation; river bed adjusting; reducing of sedimentation; effective storage capacity
JIANG Nai-qian, HOU
Su-zhen, LI Wen-xue, ZHANG Cui-ping
(Institute of Hydraulic Research,YRCC)
Abstract: This paper deals with the characteristics of incoming water and sediment and changes of Tongguan elevation since Sanmenxia Reservoir began its storing clear water and releasing sediment operation mode. After analyzing the basic variation regularity of Tongguan elevation, it is pointed out that the amount of incoming water during flood season is the main factor to influence on Tongguan elevation.
Key words: Tongguan elevation; incoming water and sediment; Sanmenxia Reservoir
WANG Gui-e1，JI Li1，LI Yang-jun2
(1.Sanmenxia Project Bureau；2.Sanmenxia Hydrology and Water Resource Bureau)
Abstract: Based on the historical material and data in nowadays in the Lower Weihe River, the effect of water-sediment condition and reservoir operation variation on the Lower Weihe River and Tongguan elevation variation are analyzed. Since 1986, the deposition in the Lower Weihe River has been aggravated because of unfavorable combination of water and sediment conditions. So we should make every effort to control main regions of sediment yielding in the Weihe River basin in order to slow up deposition development in the Lower Weihe River.
Key words: Lower Weihe River; condition of water and sediment; channel's deposition; Tongguan elevation
TANG Xian hai，LEI Fu zhou，YANG Wu xue，FENG Pu lin
(Sanmenxia reservoir basin bureau of Shaanxi Province)
Abstract: Sanmenxia Reservoir was completed and put into operation in 1960. For 40 years, the reservoir has experienced 3 opration steps: storing water, flood detention, and storing clear water and discharging muddy water. Change has taken place greatly in the reservoir basin. In this paper, the operation of Sanmenxia Reservoir, variation of Tongguan elevation , erosion and deposition in the teservoir basin and its effect on the reservoir region in Shaanxi province are analyzed with emphasis. The harnessing countermeasures have been pointed out.
Key words: Sanmenxia Reservoir; reservoir region; effect harnessing countermeasure
LIANG Guo ting1,WANG
Yu-jie2,YANG Yan2
(1. Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission；2. Sanmenxia Project Bureau)
Abstract: Based on the analysis and calculation of observed data, the ratio of L1 (distance between the end of reservoir deposition in non-flood season and the dam) to L2 (distance between an intersection point of reservoir operation's highest level and average elevation line in initial bed in non-flood season and the dam) is 1.07. In flood season,sediment discharge of reservoir retrogressive erosion is proportional to discharge and water surface slope before the dam, its rang is bet
ween Guduo and Dayudu. The amounts of discharging sediment are between 1500m3/s and 2500m3/s in recent years, lowering water level in reservoir should be controlled between 292m and 295m. Water level of storing water for generation in September and October can be raised suitably, the scouring near Dayudu reach is not affected by control index. It is suggested that a gauging station should be set up as new control index one and an effect at different levels of reservoir on erosion and deposition upstream of this station should be studied.
Key words: Tongguan elevation; end of reservoir deposition; retrogressive erosion; reservoir waer level control
LI Xu-dong，ZHAI Jia-rui
(YRCC, Zhengzhou Henan)
Abstract: In this paper it is mainly summarized that the regulating jobs of “storing the clear water and disposing the muddy”of the Sanmenxia Reservoir since 1973. It is reviewed that the groping and perfecting jobs of the reservoir with that operating mode. It is presented of the advanced ideas on the regulating schemes of the Sanmenxia Reservoir under the constructed Xiaolangdi Reservoir.
Key words: regulation; the Sanmenxia Reservoir; review; prospect
ZHANG Jin-liang,LE
Jin-gou,WANG Yu-jie
（Sanmenxia Project
Bureau）
Abstract: In this paper, the processes of the original-added building and rebuilding of Sanmenxia Project have been reviewed systemically and divided reasonably. The relative key problems are analyzed synthetically during Sanmenxia Reservoir's operation and exploration. It is thought that the vested goal of the Four Provinces Conference in 1969 is basically realized through the process of added building, rebuilding and control operation of !Storing clear water and discharging muddy water". Several reference opinions have been pointed out for Sanmenxia reservoir's operation in future according to the condition changes caused by Xiaolangdi Project's operation, incoming water and sediment and Sanmenxia Project's operation.
Key words: Four Provinces Conference; Tongguan elevation; storing clear water and discharging muddy water
SUN Mian-hui1，LI Chun-guang1，FU Wei-shan1，ZHANG Guan-sheng2
(1.Hydrology and Water Resource Bureau; 2.Sanmenxia Commumcation Bureau）
Abstract: Since 1986，the incoming water and sediment at Tongguan section have decreased greatly with less discharge and flood peak，short duration and high sediment concentration。The average water volume with 12 billion m3 in 1986～1999's flood periods are 40%～60% less than that in previous periods。The average daily discharge of days with 3000m3/s larger and water volume reduced 90% above with smaller change of sediment amounts，the sediment concentration increased doubly 。The average lower margin in flood season of Tongguan elevation reduced obviously，it is 0.10m smaller than the raising value in non flood season and 0.08m smaller than average lowering value at flood season before reservoir construction.It is 0.30m smaller comparing with initial period of operation。In order to suit the unfavorable conditions of reservoir's water sediment ，the modes of reservoir operation are regulated and improved for several times，but the bed's deposition is more serious than that in 1985。Tongguan elevation was raised year by year。Since 1994 especially，the reservoir water sediment reduced obviously based on the reduction by a big margin in previous period 。Tongguan elevation maintained at a high level with long term variation between 328.00 and 328.35m.
key words: changes of water sediment；erosion and deposition of bed；Tongguan elevation；Sanmenxia Reservoir；Yellow River
RAO Su-qiu1,HUO
Shi-qing1,XUE Jian-guo1,ZHANGYong-ping1,SUN Ai-fang2
(1.Hydrology Bureau, YRCC;2. Water Control and Management Bureau, YRCC)
Abstract: This paper analyses the characteristics of runoff and sediment changes since 1950 in the Upper and Middle Yellow River. The results show that the runoff and sediment have a tendency of decreasing each decade as a whole, especially in 1980s and 1990s it decreased most obviously. The total runoff in 1990s is the least since 1950, but compared with 1980s, the sediment in 1990s increased a little. This paper simply analyses that the climate change, water consumption of industry and agriculture and engineering of conservancy and water and soil conservation influence on variety of runoff and sediment. Based on these, the outlook of the tendency of runoff and sediment variety in the future in the upper area from Sanmenxia is put forward.
Key words: Yellow River; upper and middle reaches; runoff and sediment variety; precipitation; flood
LE Jin-gou,WANG
Gui-e,YANG Yan
（Sanmenxia Project
Bureau）
Abstract: According to operation condition of the reservoir in flood season of especial years and observed data, the basic law of erosion and deposition changes in reservoir region below Tongguan and raising lowering of Tongguan elevation is analyzed in comparison with similar normal year. It can be known from the analysis that as the water level is heightened suitably in the period with normal base flow, an unfavorable effect could not cause in reservoir region below Tongguan and under the natural erosion condition of Tongguan elevation. When incoming water and sediment are concentrated in flood season, the water level should be lowered for discharging sediment, the water surface slope before flood peak increased and flood scouring enlarged, the effect of discharging sediment can be better.
Key words: especial operation; flood season; analysis on erosion and deposition
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